Itchoua Essay -- English Literature Essays

ItchouaIn the story of The Three Skeleton Key written by George G. Toudouze it shows many blunt experiences happening to the characters. Itchoua is a abide, strong Basque who visited an island just off the coast of Guiana for a couple of months. During his visit on the island, Itchoua and his friends faced many dangers and took life threatening risks. He shows many character traits of brain truth through his physical description, personality and his actions toward many things. During his act of bravery, he went through many obstacles and hardships while battling the rats. He is a very heroic battler because of what he thinks, says and does in the story of Three Skeleton Key. All the risks Itchoua took while going through danger shows hes brave by his personality, physical description and his actions. Firstly, Itchoua is a brave veteran who overcame many terrifying experiences while fighting with many vicious rats. Throughout the story, Itchoua proved that he was brave by putting hi s life at risk for the safety of his friends, persevered even though he was unconsicous and that he has characteristics of a leader. When the chief cried, Itchoua ran immediately not thinking at all and went to help his friend at risk. He sacrificed his life to help his friends from the dangerous rats. He cared for his friends and never only thought more or less himself. He did what ever he could for the safety of his friends. He used all his strength by trying to kill as many rats as affirmable an...

Performing Civic Equality :: Margaret Fuller The Great Lawsuit Feminism Essays

Performing Civic Equality I. Methodological IntroductionMargaret Fuller had in mind that the title of her essay The Great Lawsuit cosmos versus MEN. WOMAN versus WOMEN (which she would later expand and re-name Woman in the Nineteenth Century) should prepare the reader to suspend habitual thinking in order to assume her on her own grime. To honor Fullers desire to be met on her own ground (or perhaps, given the turn this paper has taken, her stage), I have worked to reconstruct what her ground/stage might have been, and to understand her ideas/performance in that light. My approach engages feminist performance theory as articulated by Judith Butler and Marjorie Garber, with historical and intertextual context. Butlers examination of the relationship between phenomenology and performance of gender offers a cogent model of the process by which cultural constructs of gender become naturalized without quashing the situation of the historical actors. Garbers examination of tran svestitism in narrative as a signal of a society under conceptual stress also whole kit and caboodle particularly well with Fuller, since her writing activity was very much part of Transcendentalism and the American Renaissance, and responded to historical changes, sectional crisis, slavery, the decline of womens rights, and especially political reform. showing Fullers The Great Lawsuit as a act of textual transvestitism became more persuasive as I grappled with her complex and sometimes opaque arguments, and surely was supported by Edgar Allen Poes view of her as a gender maverick (he divided humanity into three classes men, women and Margaret Fuller ). I began this essay with the intention of employ feminist and new historicist literary theory, but found it impossible to reconcile the egalitarian and androgynous philosophy of The Great Lawsuit with the essentialism of feminist literary theory. For example, Elaine Showalters gynocritics assumes sexual difference in the psychod ynamics of creativity, the problem of a female language, and the assumption of a distinct and progressive female tradition of writing. While Monique Wittig stands against essentialism, she argues that nineteenth century feminists universally viewed woman as unique, and that they ignored the historicity of the construction of that view, not to be rescued until women social scientists worked to prove the intellectual equality of the sexes at the end of the century. While these descriptions whitethorn apply to the majority of womens literary production, I would argue that Fullers The Great Lawsuit

Fiscal Policy of the Republican Party :: essays papers

Fiscal Policy of the Republi end Party When Bill Clinton and the Democrats stormed to power in 1992, their anthem was the 1970s rock ditty Dont Stop view About Tomorrow. In the aftermath of their crushing defeat in November, Democrats today are humming a different tune, that of the 1960s surf classic Wipeout. And you hasten to go back even further than that--to 1952, to be exact--to truly understand the magnitude of the catastrophe that befell the Democrats. That was the last time Republicans, sporting big grins and I interchangeable Ike buttons, won the House and Senate. When the 104th Congress began its rule, the Republican party became king of the Hill, thanks to angry voters who turned the election into a search-and-destroy mission. The GOP easily won the Senate and seized supremacy of the House by grabbing a mind-boggling 52 seats. After two years of watching him struggle, voters bellowed Times up, opting for a divided government. The ascendant Republicans and their Sunbelt Democratic allies can now supplant Clinton-style activism with their conservative agenda--a hard-edged vision of limited government. We will not only be able to kill bad legislation, well be able to dictate the flow of legislation, crowed Representative William Paxon, now chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee. At the time Clinton had to come to terms with sharing power with some of his least favorite people Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole and Speaker Newt Gingrich. Many top executives (an overwhelming 85% according to a Newsweek cartridge pole, Nov. 1993) rated Clintons performance as fair to poor. The genetic code of the Republican party is to create an environment that is more conducive to business. For Republicans, the immediate goal now is to hold water their position as the majority in both houses of congress and win control of the White House. They want to cut appraisees, restrain spending, and be more modern in delivering service s to the people. they have uncorked dramatic initiatives, among them a call for a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution, a new attack on deficit spending, and tax relief for the middle class. They want to slash welfare rolls, stiffen criminal penalties, and limit lawmakers terms and perks. And theyll promote new regulatory relief for business. Chopping away with machetes is scarce what the Armies of the Right have had to do.

Development Of Defense Of Provocation :: essays research papers

Development of Defense of ProvocationQuestion Critically appreciate the development of prevalent impartiality principlesapplicable to the defence of excitation in criminal law from the decision inMancini v DPP 1942 AC 1 to Mascantonio v R (1995) 183 CLR 58. Assess thedegree to which the green law has proved inflexible in responding changingsocietal needs and expectations. Are there other reasoned means of achievingsubstantive justice?     At the time of the case of Mancini the concept of soreness as adefence to mar was already a considerably established one dating back centuries. Itoriginated from the days when men bore arms and engaged in quarrels of violencethat often resulted in a homicide existence committed. For provocation to be anample defence to mutilate it needed to be something which incited immediate anger,or "passion" and which overcame a persons self control to such an result so asto overpower or swamp his reason. What this someth ing can be has been thesubject of many views through the centuries, and these views have stronglydepended upon the type of person whom the law has regarded as deservingextenuated consideration when provoked to kill. In the words of Viscount Simon"the law has to reconcile respect for the sanctity of human life withrecognition of the effect of provocation on human frailty. " In this regard thedifficult concept of the "reasonable man" or the "ordinary man" has developedand with it the legal doctrine that provocation must be such as would not only make out the person accused to behave as he did but as would cause an ordinary manto so lose control of himself as to act in the same sort of way. It is thereforeinteresting to examine how the doctrine of common law in relation to provocationhas responded to changing societal needs and values. It also provides a usefulcase study in which the development of common law doctrine can be observed. Itis useful to conduct a ca se-by-case analysis of the rule of provocation as adefence to murder in order to more effectively observe the legal evolution thathas taken place.     In the case of Mancini v DPP 1942 AC 1 the appellant had beenconvicted for murder after stabbing a man to death in a club. The appellantscounsel contended that the trial judge should have directed that the jury wasopen to describe provocation to reduce the appellants conviction to manslaughter.Lord Simonds provided direction upon what kind of provocation would reducemurder to manslaughter. He said that the provocation must temporarily ransack

A Separate Peace - Symbolism Essays -- essays research papers fc

In John Knowles A Separate Peace, symbolisations are used to develop and heighten the themes of the novel. One theme is the lack of an a state of wareness of the real world among the students who attend the Devon Academy. The war is a symbol of the "real world", from which the boys exclude themselves. It is as if the boys are in their own little world or bubble secluded from the outside world and every whiz else. Along with their friends, Gene and Finny play games and joke about the war instead of taking it seriously and preparing for it. Finny organizes the Winter Carnival, invents the game of Blitz Ball, and encourages his friends to have a snowball fight. When Gene looks back on that day of the Winter Carnival, he says, "---it was this liberation we had torn from the gray encroachments of 1943, the escape we had concocted, this afternoon of momentary, illusory, special and separate peace" (Knowles, 832). As he watches the snowball fight, Gene thinks to himself, "There they all were now, the mosh of the school, the lights and leaders of the senior class, with their high IQs and expensive shoes, as Brinker had said, pasting each other with snowballs"(843). Another of the principal themes in this novel is the theme of maturity. The two rivers that are array of the Devon School property symbolize how Gene and Finny grow up through the course of the novel. The Devon River is preferred by the students because it is above the dam and contains clean water. It is a symbol of childhood and innocence because it is safe and simple. It is preferred which shows how the boys choose to hold onto their youth instead of growing up. The Naguamsett is the disgustingly dirty river which symbolizes adulthood because of its complexity. The two rivers intermingle display the boys changes from immature individuals to slightly older and wiser men. Sooner or later, Gene and Phineas, who at the beginning of the novel are uttermost(prenominal)ly immature, have to face reality. Signs of their maturity go forth when the boys have a serious conversation about Finnys accident. Finny realizes that Gene did shake the tree limb purposely so that he would fall. However, he knows that this fill was spontaneous, and that Gene never meant to cause him life-long grief. Finny sympathetically says to his best friend, "Something just seized you. It wasnt anything you really felt against ... ...iendship between Gene and Phineas is amidst themes such as lack of reality, humiliated maturity levels, and false appearances. Their relationship deteriorates and leads to death because they fail to learn these valuable life lessons. The purpose of Knowles novel is to exaggerate the life of two young boys to the extreme in order to reveal the unfortunate things that can occur in a relationship when these themes are not taken seriously. As stated in Magills Survey of American Literature, "It (A Separate Peace) can be viewed, for example, as a tale of Original Sin, with the Devon School as an Eden enclosing the enormous Tree of Knowledge through which humankind falls far from innocence but is redeemed by the suffering of a totally innocent one. It may also be approached as a reworking of the classic tale of the need to accept the potential evil within everyone and thus make peace with ones self." BIBLIOGRAPHY"A Separate Peace." Magills Survey of American Literature, Vol. 3. New York Marshall Cavendish Corp., 1993. Beachams Guide to Literature for Young Adults, Vol. 3, pages 1186- 1192. Knowles, John. A Separate Peace. Prentice-Hall Literature, Platinum, 1996 ed.

A Separate Peace - Symbolism Essays -- essays research papers fc

In John Knowles A Separate Peace, symbols are used to develop and advance the themes of the novel. unrivalled theme is the lack of an awareness of the real world among the students who attend the Devon Academy. The war is a symbol of the "real world", from which the boys exclude themselves. It is as if the boys are in their own little world or bubble secluded from the outside world and everyone else. Along with their friends, agent and Finny play games and joke about the war sooner of taking it seriously and preparing for it. Finny organizes the Winter Carnival, invents the game of Blitz Ball, and encourages his friends to concur a snowball fight. When Gene looks back on that day of the Winter Carnival, he says, "---it was this sacking we had torn from the gray encroachments of 1943, the escape we had concocted, this afternoon of momentary, illusory, special and separate peace" (Knowles, 832). As he watches the snowball fight, Gene thinks to himself, "There they all were now, the cream of the school, the lights and leaders of the senior class, with their high IQs and expensive shoes, as Brinker had said, pasting each other with snowballs"(843). Another of the principal themes in this novel is the theme of maturity. The two rivers that are part of the Devon teach property symbolize how Gene and Finny grow up through the course of the novel. The Devon River is preferred by the students because it is above the dam and contains clean water. It is a symbol of childishness and innocence because it is safe and simple. It is preferred which shows how the boys choose to hold onto their youth instead of growing up. The Naguamsett is the disgustingly dirty river which symbolizes adulthood because of its complexity. The two rivers intermingle showing the boys changes from light-green individuals to slightly older and wiser men. Sooner or later, Gene and Phineas, who at the beginning of the novel are extremely immature, have to face reality . Signs of their maturity appear when the boys have a serious conversation about Finnys accident. Finny realizes that Gene did shake the tree limb purposely so that he would fall. However, he knows that this action was spontaneous, and that Gene never meant to cause him life-long grief. Finny sympathetically says to his best friend, "Something just seized you. It wasnt anything you really felt against ... ...iendship between Gene and Phineas is amidst themes such as lack of reality, low maturity levels, and false appearances. Their relationship deteriorates and leads to death because they fail to learn these valuable life lessons. The purpose of Knowles novel is to exaggerate the life of two young boys to the extreme in order to reveal the unfortunate things that can occur in a relationship when these themes are not taken seriously. As stated in Magills Survey of American Literature, "It (A Separate Peace) can be viewed, for example, as a tale of Original Sin, with the Devo n School as an Eden enclosing the great shoetree of Knowledge through which humankind falls far from innocence but is redeemed by the suffering of a totally innocent one. It may also be approached as a reworking of the classic tale of the need to accept the potential evil within everyone and thus make peace with ones self." BIBLIOGRAPHY"A Separate Peace." Magills Survey of American Literature, Vol. 3. New York Marshall Cavendish Corp., 1993. Beachams Guide to Literature for Young Adults, Vol. 3, pages 1186- 1192. Knowles, John. A Separate Peace. Prentice-Hall Literature, Platinum, 1996 ed.

Pediatricians Qualification Essay

Education and QualificationMost medical schools require applicants to have a borderline of two to ternary years of university education. After graduating from medical school, a doctor who wishes to get going a baby doctor must(prenominal) complete at least triad years of special training in health care for children, also known as residency program (work experience). The doctor can then become a certified pediatrician by passing an examination given by a pediatrics specialty board.Many pediatricians take two to three years of additional training in a particular area of pediatrics. Some specialties are pediatric functioning, pediatric infectious diseases, pediatric hematology-oncology, and neonatal-prenatal medicine. Aside from the training, the pediatrician must also complete medical licensing exams such as certification by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC).Other qualifications of a pediatrician are compassion, patience, and love for children. Pedia tricians must also have good communication skills. They have to be able to listen to parents and give them advice just about their child. If a pediatrician is not able to broadcast with people in this profession, he or she will never make it far.Duties and ResponsibilitiesA pediatricians first responsibility is to diagnose illnesses. He or she does this by examining the patient, obtaining the patients medical histories, and ordering special tests such as X-rays. Next, he or she recommends treatment programs that may involve medication, rehabilitation, surgery, or advice about exercise and nutrition.During the treatment process, the pediatrician communicates with family members and health care professionals such as nurses. When appropriate, the pediatrician may refer patients to specialists, who are experts in medical fields. Those people implicate cardiologists, psychiatrists, surgeons, and many more.Salary and RewardsPediatricians have among the highest earnings of any occupatio ns. Earnings vary according to the number of year in practice, hours worked, skill, personality, and professional reputation. Those pediatricians who are just theme their careers make around $100 000 to $120 000 per year. Established pediatricians average income is between $120 000 to $135 000 per year.Being a pediatrician can be recognize as a result. When pediatricians care for children, the choice is made based on the love for children and the belief that it is a significant accomplishment to make a discrepancy in a childs invigoration. As a bonus, the pediatricians get to hold their patients in their arms, to see them grow and change, and years later, to see the adults they have become. life-styleBeing a pediatrician can be stressful. They have to work long hours and sometimes even miss important family occasions because of emergency calls. asymmetrical work schedules can sometimes interfere with the pediatricians daily plan, and they have to accommodate with it. They have to be able to accept unexpected events and uncertain situations, but all of these hard works are worthwhile because of their high salary. Pediatricians can provide their family with money, but they cannot really provide their family with attention. To them, career has to be their antecedence since being a pediatrician is like a 24 hours a sidereal day job.Working ConditionsMost pediatricians work in small private offices or clinics. They are often assisted by a small staff of nurses and other administrative personnel. Some pediatricians with higher reputation also teach and research. more dedicated pediatricians may be involved in advocating childrens issues in theircommunities.Pediatricians work very long hours, between 9 to 12 hours a day and 45 to 65 hours a week. They may have irregular work schedules, working evenings and Saturdays to accommodate patients. Thus, it can be difficult for them to balance career and family life or personal time.Women in PediatricsIn our societ y today, some ignorant people still consider women going into specialized pediatrics as unacceptable. They think women should study regular pediatrics. Although the society is more open-minded nowadays, sexism has not been eliminated. Thus, some women in advanced fields such as pediatric surgery are disrespected.

Complementing Texts: Homer’s The Odyssey and Dante’s Inferno Essay

Ever since human beings started telling stories for entertainment or for edification, poor boyes have made incredible journeys once morest what seem like impossible odds. In the beginning, heroes often these journeys to grip a goal, often in defiance of the gods who, for whatever reason, had imposed limits upon the main book of facts of the story. In kors story, The Odyssey, this limitation is that the gods will block his means home until he speaks to the sage Tiresias.By contrast, Dante Alighieris character of Dante primarily seeks to find answers to his questions that is, fellowship, as a means to find salvation. While both heroes interact with the hellhole to accomplish their aims, the stories complement each different, rather than reflect each other. In many ways, Dantes text corrects the story found in Homers work, devising it suitable for Christian audiences. C beful examination of texts reveals how some of these areas differ significantly between them.Some of these residuums include the nature of the inferno itself and the heros interaction with it, the knowledge that Odysseus mother has of the backing world, and the shared rule of the pit. The Nature of the Underworld and the Heroes Interaction with It Like Dantes Hell, Homers underworld is not a pleasant place to spend eternity. It is dark and gloomy the inhabitants have dulled senses. The underworld into which Odysseus looks is inferno, not the Elysian Fields, where heroes were blessed with eternal happiness.Rather, the joyless dead live there, cursed to bleak and boring existences for the rest of eternity. The dead who exist in sin are those who have died unburied, like Odysseus friend, Elpenor, who died falling from a ladder leading from Circes roof, as well as Tiresias and Odysseus unhappy mother. And yet, misery of the inhabitants is one of several similarities between the two underworlds. One interesting difference between the Homers Hades and Dantes Hell is that the stories her oes find their entrances in extremely different locations.Odysseus finds the entrance to Hades in a halt at the western edge of the world, piece of music Dante finds the entrance to Hell in the midst of a dark wood. While these differences might seem insignificant, they are, in truth, declarative of the different purposes behind the journeys that the heroes undertake. The harbor at the end of the world represents physical distance traveled Odysseus is on a quest to return home to Ithaca, a goal that the gods have prevented him from attaining. It is an earthly goal, however, with measurable distances that must be traversed.While the ocean that Odysseus travels provides room for a communal journey finished which he attempts to produce his crew home, Dantes dark wood provides a far narrower field. It is restrictive and personal, perhaps driven by the solitary nature of Dantes quest for knowledge and redemption. The distance that Dante must travel, therefore, is not one of finite m easurement rather, it exists within himself. It is a spiritual journey with no physical boundaries. Ultimately, this difference is magnified by the many levels of Hell, with its myriad levels, terraces, and malboges.In addition to the differing nature of the underworld as portrayed by each poet, the nature of the interaction that each hero has with the underworld and its inhabitants also varies. In order to interact at all with the inhabitants of the underworld, both heroes must make a rite of passage. Odysseus enters the realm of Hades by making a blood sacrifice of a ram, collecting its blood in a pit. Through this offering and by offering the appropriate supplications to the gods, Odysseus is able to hollo forth the souls of the dead.Being surrounded by the dead causes him to become afraid however, he regains sufficient courage to control them and to question them. The character of Dante, however, must rattling pass through the gates of Hell, abandoning anticipate in order to learn what he desires. Although Odysseus is in the world of the dead, he is sure enough of himself to regain control, as unconnected to Dante, who relinquishes all of his control to Virgil as consequently enter the underworld realm. While less heroic than Odysseus actions, this submissive behavior is actually of great importance, which again is based in the heroes purpose in entering the underworld.It is clear, that although both heroes must enter the realm of the underworld, each for his own purpose, Odysseus does not actually travel through Hades as Dante does through Hell. Rather, the dead approach Odysseus, coming up in a crowd from Erebos young men and brides, old men who had suffered much, and petulant maidens to whom sorrow was a new thing others killed in battle, warriors clad in bloodstained armor (124) all surround his sacrificial pit in resolution to the rams blood that he has offered. This difference is also a significant one and related to the point made above it.Al though Odysseus immediately appears to be the supplicant, by making the blood offering that attracts the dead, he is also in control of it. The dead must do his bidding in order to corrode and give him the information that he requires. By contrast, the character of Dante physically travels into the midst of the souls of the damned. While he is under his own volition, Dante is a pilgrim, who must make an parturiency to gain his knowledge. He follows Virgil as Virgil leads, interacting with the souls on their own level in their own environment. This difference would also make Dantes tale more appeal to Christian audiences.Although Odysseus cunning and strength were admired by the audience that lived at his time, the lesson of humility that the character of Dante both learns and teaches would be considered more acceptable to Alighieris audience. Although he is taking the initiative to learn on his own, like a proper pilgrim he is taking instruction from a master and listening to the moral lessons mold before him. For those in the audience who recognize that he might have been contemplating suicide, Dante is also in the process of repenting. Knowledge of the Living WorldOdysseus seeks not entirely wisdom from Tiresias, but he also seeks knowledge of his future in the living world. In truth, both Tiresias and Odysseus mother have clear knowledge of the living world, which they freely share with him in their turn. What is more, it is accurate knowledge, which allows him to prepare for his future, should he ever arrive at his destination. In a sense, both Tiresias and Odysseus mother are as living beings that have merely been transported to a new existence on an alternate plane, in that they can take initiative to see what lies ahead and then share it with him.Given that in other myths inhabitants of Hades are able to travel freely between the worlds with the gods permission, it seems apparent that the ancient Greeks saw the underworld as a place from which peop le could escape to return to the living if they had enough virtue or if they had a hero to aid them. This form of belief is opposed to both Dantes belief and to the belief of the Christians who formed his audience. Dantes souls, perpetually trapped in their state of torment, must continuously atone for their actions on earth.They are surrounded by the reminders of their sins, perhaps tormented by the very things that they desired in life. At times, their appearance is dramatically altered to match their crimes. The only hope for the souls in Hell is Judgment Day, at which time they may be deliveror they may find themselves condemned to suffer throughout eternity. Even then, redeemed souls would not interact with the living instead, they would pass into Heaven. Once again, the difference between the two realms and their inhabitants may be explained by virtue of the perception of the audiences for which the poets were writing.To the Greeks, life in the underworld was not necessarily a punishment. Certainly, the inhabitants of the underworld could experience punishment, even that of a perpetual nature. One good example of this kind of punishment would be Sisyphus, condemned to roll a boulder to the top of a hill for eternity, only to have it escape him and roll to the bottom again before it reaches the peak. However, the underworld is a plane of existence to which all humans will eventually travel. The underworld itself is divided into sections that provide reward or punishment or which simply continues the low-toned existence that people had when on earth.This difference is, once again, quite different from the perspective of the Christian audience served by Dante, which viewed the underworld for punishment only. It is this understanding of the underworld being for punishment that would also limit the deads interaction with the living. Dantes dead are unable to access the living world and, when encountering the character of Dante, are unable to learn from wha t he tells them. They have no minds and no insight, unlike the dead that Odysseus encounters, who know that they are suffering and why and yet are unable to interact with the world of the living in order to minimize their experiences.The Shared Rule of the Underworld In The Odyssey, both Hades and his wife, Persephone, rule the underworld. Although Hades has control over the underworld as a whole, Persephone is the Queen of the Women, with the ability to overrule even her husband in control of that group. In terms of importance, term this difference might seem trivial to some readers, it is perhaps of greatest significance of all of these points. Hades is not omnipotent, in that Persephone has equal control, if not greater control in some aspects of ruling the underworld.She strikes fear in Odysseus heart equal to that of her husband, in that Odysseus describes Hades as mighty, but Persephone as being awful, which would be synonymous with her being terrifying. This kind of rule wou ld be unsurprising to the ancient Greeks, who lived in a world ruled by many gods. It also paralleled the positioning of the gods on Mount Olympus, to a certain extent Hades and Persephone, who ruled the world of the dead, mirrored Zeus and Hera, who ruled the world of the living. To the Christians that formed Dantes audience, this arrangement would have been more than just a little shocking.Christians worship a single God who, while He might have different and while He may employ different helpers in the angels and the saints, has dominion over the living and the dead. As with the ancient Greek deities, God and Satan somewhat mirror each other. Despite Satans impressive appearance in The Inferno, however, he is as much a prisoner of Hell as its other residents. In addition, Satan does not mirror Gods power rather, he is only capable of destruction, not creation. Conclusion In many ways, Dantes Inferno complements and corrects Homers The Odyssey.Both are tales that bring a hero in to contact with the underworld in order to achieve a point goal. In the case of Odysseus, this goal is worldly and finite, while in the case of Dante, the goal is spiritual and may lead to eternal salvation. Several differences, among others, that indicate the complemental and corrective nature of Dantes work are those of the nature of the respective underworlds and the heroes interaction with the inhabitants, the knowledge that the dead have of the living world, and the shared rule that Hades and Persephone have over the ancient Greek underworld.The story of heroic travels through the underworld is not a new one, neither was it new when Homer wrote The Odyssey. In the days of passing history and learning through oral means, such stories were necessary teaching tools. However, each culture imposed its morals and beliefs on this kind of tale. The different between these two stories provide an excellent example of how this cultural influence stamps this kind of heroic story with dif ferences throughout history.

Gilgamesh: a Hero’s Journey Essay

Gilgamesh, written by David Ferry, illustrates a story about a man who turn overs everything, provided continues to try and learn more. Although Gilgamesh may be arrogant, he still remains a great ruler and commander of Uruk. Throughout the book, the ad suppositions of Gilgamesh pass Joseph Campbells idea of the heros journey. After analyzing the pieces to the heros journey, Gilgamesh is proven to be a true hero because his journey parallels that of the heros journey described by Campbell.The latter part of this paper will prove Gilgamesh is a hero using Campbells model, by analyzing the pieces of the heros journey separation or departure, the initiation, and the return. The first element of the heros journey is separation or departure. This first piece is comprised of a call to adventure, acceptation of the call, supernatural aid, and the cross of the threshold. Campbell explains in a heros journey, a herald calls the hero to come on a journey. This component is described in G ilgamesh when Enkidu comes to get Gilgamesh to go on a quest.Enkidu tells Gilgamesh about Huwawa, the guardian of the Cedar Forest, who is frightening everybody. After hearing about Huwawa, Gilgamesh accepts the call to adventure and says, It is Gilgamesh who will venture into the Forest/and cut the Cedar down and win the glory (Ferry 17). Both the call to adventure and acceptance are represented in the ancestor of the book. The conterminous component that falls under the same category of separation or departure is a supernatural aid. Gilgamesh receives supernatural aid from Shamash, the deity of heaven.Ninsun, Gilgameshs mother, asks the god to help protect her son and Enkidu while they are on their quest. When Shamash sees him setting out on the road,/or in the mountain passes, or entering the Forest, may Shamash guard and keep him safe. / And may the stars, the watchmen of the night,/watch over Gilgamesh and the confrere (Ferry 20). Later on, when Gilgamesh and Enkidu struggle to deal Huwawa, Shamash does help by creating winds and earthquakes. This supernatural aid continues to prove Gilgamesh is in fact a hero. Crossing the threshold is the last component of separation or departure.Campbell explains this as leaving a world you know and entering a world that is unknown. In the book, Gilgamesh and Enkidu leave Uruk after visiting Rimat-Ninsun. Then from the Seven-Bolt Gate the two departed,/hearing the warnings and blessings of the city (Ferry 20). As the two companions leave the city they know so well and begin their journey into the land they are unfamiliar with, they cross their threshold. Since all of the elements of separation or departure are met in the beginning of the story, Gilgamesh continues to meet the criteria to be a hero.The second piece needed for a heros journey is initiation, which includes the roads of trials, the belly of the whale, meetings, attonement with the father, and the ultimate boon. Gilgameshs fight against Huwawa was one o f many challenges he had during his journey. Then Gilgamesh was afraid, and Enkidu/was afraid, and they entered into the Forest, afraid (Ferry 26). Just as a hero would act, Gilgamesh didnt let his affrights get the best of him, but kinda he entered the Forest to fight Huwawa. Another challenge Gilgamesh faces later in the story is fighting the Twin Dragon Scorpion Beings.When he came to the mountain and saw the monster, fear spread through his body, but he didnt let it stop him from his goal. Terror in the body of Gilgamesh/seized hold of him from within and held him at that place/in terror. plainly then, in terror, he went forward (Ferry 50). These two monsters are just two of the challenges Gilgamesh needs to overcome during his journey. Enemies and tragedies are as well as components of initiation. Campbell describes enemies as something out to get you, and sometimes trying to kill you. An enemy that Gilgamesh encounters is Ishtar.Ishtar wants Gilgamesh to be with her, but he denies her request and devalues her. Humiliation and anger lead Ishtar to her father and asks him for the Bull of paradise. Give me the Bull of Heaven that I may punish/Gilgamesh the king, who has found out/and told about the foulness of the goddess. /Give me the Bull of Heaven with which to kill him (Ferry 32). Enemies are part of the heros journey to teach the heroes a lesson. Gilgamesh learns actions have consequences and to respect sacred places. Kings dont always think things through before they act, and their ego gets them into trouble.Gilgameshs companion dies as a way to teach Gilgamesh that death is more powerful than anything else, and even a king cant save him. Through the calamity of Enkidus death, the hero, Gilgamesh, grows and becomes a different self. Another element of initiation is the belly of the whale. It shows a hero is serious and willing to die. The hero is a new person, who is rivet after been through hell and back. After Gilgameshs companion dies, he b ecomes very depressed. He made his way, companionless, to the end/of the second league. Utterly lightless, black. /There was naught behind or before, nothing at all (Ferry 51).Gilgamesh is in a serious state of depression. The word choice of complete darkness is powerful because there is always a light somewhere, and it is never completely dark. Complete darkness is the underworld. This is Gilgameshs dying part of his journey. He needs to go through this and when he comes out on the other end he becomes a different individual. He becomes a new person from being through hell and plan of attack out. The next component to initiation is meetings. Campbell describes this as either meetings with the gods or meeting a temptress. Gilgamesh encountered temptress during his journey.Veiled Siduri is a tavern keeper who wants Gilgamesh to live it up, have fun, and stay with her. She tells him, The life of man is short. Only the gods/can live forever. Therefore put on new clothes,/ a clean rob e and a entomb tied with a sash,/ and wash the filth of the journey from your body. / Eat and drink your fill of the regimen and drink/men eat drink your fill of the food and drink/men eat and drink. Let there be pleasure and dancing(Ferry 57). Siduri tries to distract Gilgamesh from completing his journey, but fortunately Gilgamesh resisted. Attonement with the father is yet other element of initiation in the heros journey.This is the moment in their life when they realize they need to let their old self go and translate how to become their own self. Campbell uses the term rebirth to describe this element. During Gilgameshs lonesome journey, he changed completely from how he used to be. He was always described as arrogant and oppressive to his people, but he matures during the events in his journey. When Gilgamesh speaks to Utnapishtim he says, Tell me then, father, how it came about/that you were admitted to the company/of gods, who granted you eternal life(Ferry 65).Gilgamesh never normally listens to anyone, but after maturing, he now thinks he can learn from Utnapishtim. It is rare for Gilgamesh to ever listen to anyone else because he thinks he knows everything the best, but attonement with the father provides an explanation for wherefore Gilgamesh changed. The last component of the initiation step to the heros journey is the ultimate boon. This is when a hero will end up getting what he wanted if he made the right decisions. Ultimately, Gilgamesh did not get what he was looking for at the end of his journey, but it was the journey nd lesson that was meaningful, not inevitably something tangible.When he finally got the plant, it was stolen from him almost immediately. The lesson he learned was that no matter how hard a person works for something, it may be unattainable. He also realized that there is no way to avoid death. Since all of the components of initiation match up to Gilgameshs journey, the evidence that he is a hero becomes stronger. The 3rd and final step of the heros journey is the return. Uruk may not have changed while Gilgamesh was away, but he now sees the city in a different light.He accepts he will not have eternal life, but if he rules the city of Uruk well, it will continue to grow and live on after him. Although there can be some discrepancy on whether Gilgamesh is truly a hero, the answer can be found by compare Gilgamesh to the difference pieces of the heros journey. After analyzing every component of separation or departure, initiation, and the return, it is clear that Gilgamesh is proven to be a hero. Every step of Gilgameshs journey follows this model almost exactly, which provides strong evidence for this conclusion.

Ethnic Marketing in Indonesia Essay

Indonesias national slogan Bhinneka ika tungat. that means unity and diversity, is a unshakable local motto that celebrates differences, specially the demographic one. This slogan was adopted at independence in 1945. This can indicate in a first preliminary a strongly united population, a country where people are allowed to practice and conserve their ethnic Identity. But this never was the general case in Indonesia. There is this insidious ordinary racism in the country that takes place in their everyday living.Because this sacred diversity is however limited to ethnic groups with claims to a territory this includes the Javanese, the Sundanese and the Madurese. There are other local groups that are not as significant. For the other groups that can not film the same claims, it is another trading floor especially when it comes to the Chinese Indonesian. Being migrants with powerful and strategic positions, they are often excluded by the population or they exclude themselves.If t his is how the Indonesian society can be perceived, it isnt the same when it comes to the marketing approach. It can be said that it is not that simple to talk about ethnic marketing in Indonesia when it is link to animal(prenominal) characteristics. If the comparison was made with Singapore, It is much easier to identify that a person belongs to a certain ethnic group when she is shown in an advertisement. It becomes more delicate when the ethnic groups have a lot of similarities.Even if Chinese, Indo or Arab origins Indonesians are not accepted everywhere or not recognized as true Indonesian by a part of the society, they still have their place and are represented for marketing purposes. We can give an example of Western Union For the first Ad, adressed to the Chinese Indonesian poulation, the person is an office working man, we would rather think that he has a good salary and is educated. The emphasis here is about the importance of the festinate of the transaction.For the sec ond Ad, more adressed to Indonesians with claims of territory, The main character is a little girl that due to the received money, could go to school. It shows the importance that is taking girls education in those groups. When it comes to the language, companies that lock away at a national level generally use Indonesian or English for their advertisement campaigns. The use of a specific language related to a group is more likely to stay in the frame of small companies that operates in very restricted areas.

Nursing And Diabetes Essay

Patients with diabetes need to understand what diabetes is. Patients who understand what diabetes is and the embroild process associated with the disease are to a greater extent(prenominal) likely to comply with the prescribed regimen. Diabetes Mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin secretion or to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate (Davis, 2001). Diabetes is a continuing progressive disease that requires lifestyle changes, especially in the areas of nutrition and physical activity. The overall goal of medical and nutritional therapy is to assist persons with diabetes in making self-directed behavioral changes that w bedfast improve their overall wellness (Franz, 2012). Blood glucose monitor and goals of line of work glucose monitoringTesting pedigree glucose levels pre- meal and post-meal can help the discovered role role with diabetes make better fodder choices, based on how their bodies are responding to shareicular foods. Patients should be taught specific directions for obtaining an adequate downslope sample and what to do with the numbers that they receive. Research has found that patients who support had education on the use of their meters and how to interpret the data are more likely to perform self-blood glucose monitoring on a regular basis (Franz, 2012).There are many different glucose monitors available for patients. The patient needs to have a device that is easy for them to use and convenient. A patients visual acuity and dexterity skills should be assessed prior to selecting a blood glucose monitoring device. A device is usually selected to meet the patients needs in collaboration with a diabetic educator at a health care facility.The patient needs to be reminded to record the blood glucose values on a log sheet with the date and time and any associated signs and symptoms that he/she is experiencing at the time the specimen was obtained. This log should be shared with his/her primary care practician.A discussion of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) should involve the reasons for doing the test, how it is performed and how the health care practitioner will interpret the data. These laboratory tests are ordered on a routine basis along with other laboratory tests that are being monitored for the patient. A simple method to describe the HbA1c is to tell the patient that the test measures the amount of plunder that attaches to the protein in the red blood cell. The test shows the average blood sugar during the last three months. The higher(prenominal) the blood sugar the higher the HbA1c. The high blood sugar over a long period of time causes wrongfulness to the large and small blood vessels therefore increasing the risk of complications from diabetes.Medications and InsulinThe patient with diabetes needs to be reminded that the addition of medications to help manage his/her diabetes is not because they are helplessness at diet management. Many patients with diabetes become depressed or despondent when they have to begin taking oral hyperglycemic medications and/or insulin. The command session should include a review of the different types of oral diabetic agents. A review of the different types of insulins and how to mix insulins should also be discussed.Teach the patient about self-administration of insulin or oral agents as prescribed, and the importance of taking medications exactly as prescribed, in the appropriate dose (Davis, 2001). Patients should be provided with a list of signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and actions to exit in each situation.Complications from DiabetesThe teaching regarding the complications encountered from diabetes should song the effect of blood glucose control on long-term health (McGovern, 2002). The patient should be taught how to manage their diabetes when he/she has a minor illness, such as a cold, flu or gastrointestinal virus. The patient should also be taught how to watch for diabetic effects on the cardiovascular system, such as cerebrovascular incidents/stroke, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease.Patients should be taught how to be alert for signs of urinary tract, respiratory tract infections and signs of renal disease. sagacity for signs of diabetic neuropathy should also be included in the teaching plan. Diabetes is the leading cause of death by disease in the United States, it also is a contributing factor in about 50% of myocardial infarctions and about 75% of strokes as well as renal failure and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetes is also the leading cause of new blindness (McGovern, 2002).Patients with diabetes should also receive education on the importance of smoking cessation, cholesterol and lipid management, blood obligate monitoring and management and management of other disease processes.Skin and Foot CareTeach the patient to care for his feet by washing them daily, drying them carefully oddly between the toes, and inspecting for corns, calluses, redness, swelling, bruises, blisters, and breaks in the come up. The patient should be encouraged to report any changes to his/her health care provider as soon as possible. Advise the patient to wear non-constricting shoes and to avoid walking barefoot. The patient may use over-the-counter athletes foot remedies to cure foot fungal infections and should be encouraged to call their health care provider if the athletes foot doesnt improve (McGovern, 2002). The patient should be reminded that he/she needs to transact all injuries, cuts and blisters particularly on the legs or feet carefully.Patients should be aware that foot problems are a common problem for patients with diabetes. Informing them of what to look for is an important teaching concern. The signs and symptoms of foot problems to emphasize are feet that are cold, blue or black in color, feet that are warm and red in color, foot swelling, foot incommode when resting or with activity, weak pulses in the feet, not feeling pain although there is a cut or sore on the foot, shiny smooth skin on the feet and number 1er legs crop and DiabetesA moderate weighting loss of ten to twenty pounds has been known to improve hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The target goal for body weight for patients with diabetes is based on a reasonable or healthy body weight. Reasonable body weight is the weight an individual and health care overlord acknowledge as achievable and maintainable, both short-term and long-term (Franz, 2012, p.8). More emphasis is now placed on waist circumference, rather than on existent weight.A waist circumference greater than 40 inches in men and greater than 35 inches in women indicates a risk for metabolic disease. This is now part of what is referred to as metabolic syndrome. Reducing abdominal fat improves insulin sensitivity as well as lipid profiles. The benefits from feat impart from regular, long term, and aerobic exercise. Exercise used to increase muscle builder strength is an important means of preserving and increasing muscular strength and endurance and is useful in helping to pr stillt travel and increase mobility among the elderly (Franz, 2012).Regular exercise can improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system, improve strength and flexibility, improve lipid levels, improve glycemic control, help minify weight, and improve quality of life and self-esteem. Exercise increases the cellular glucose uptake by increasing the number of cell receptors. The following points should be considered in educating patients regarding beginning an exercise course. Exercise program must be individualized and built up slowly. Insulin is more rapidly absorbed when injected into a limb that is exercised, therefore can result in hypoglycemia (Ferri, 1999).Patients need to be informed that exercise of a high intensity can also cause blood gluc ose levels to be higher after exercise than before, even though blood glucose levels are in the normal range before beginning exercise. This hyperglycemia can also go into the post-exercise state and is mediated by the counter-regulatory hormones (Franz, 2012, p. 62).The exercise program should include a five to ten minute warm-up and cool-down session. The warm-up increases core body temperature and prevents muscle injury and the cool-down session prevents blood pooling in the extremities and facilitates removal of metabolic by-products. Research studies show there are similar cardiorespiratory benefits that occur when activity is through with(p) in shorter sessions, (approximately 10 minutes) accumulated throughout the day than in activity sessions of prolonged sessions (greater than 30 minutes) (Franz, 2012). This is an important factor to emphasize with patients who dont recover they have the time and energy for exercise.Diet and DiabetesThe American Diabetes familiarity (ADA ) has established nutritional guidelines for patients with diabetes. Their focus is on achieving optimal metabolic outcomes related to glycemia, lipid profiles, and blood pressure levels. Patients with diabetes need to maintain a healthy diet consisting of multiple servings of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, fish, lean meats, and poultry (Franz, 2012). The exchange diet of the ADA includes protein, bread, fruit, milk, and low and intermediate cabbage vegetables (Ferri, 1999).The food/meal plan is based on the individuals appetite, preferred foods, and usual schedule of food intake and activities, and ethnic preferences. Determination of caloric needs varies considerably among individuals, and is based on present weight and current level of energy. Required calories are about 40 kcal/kg or 20 kcal/lb per day for adults with normal activity patterns (Davis, 2001). Emphasis should also be placed on maintaining a consistent day-to-day carbohydrate intake at m eals and snacks.It is the carbohydrates that have the greatest impact on glycemia. A number of factors influence glycemic responses to foods, including the amount of carbohydrate, nature of the monosaccharide components, nature of the starch, cooking and food processing, and other food components (Franz, 2012, p.13). Maintaining a food diary can help identify areas of weaknesses and how to prepare better menu plans.Recommendations for fiber intake are the similar for patients with diabetes as for the general population. It is recommended that they increase the amount of fiber to approximately 50 grams per day in their diet. Insoluble and soluble globular fiber delay glucose compactness and attenuate the postprandial serum glucose peak, they also help to lower the elevated triglyceride levels often present in uncontrolled diabetes (Ferri, 1999). The discussion of diet management should also include a discussion of alcohol intake. Precautions regarding the use of alcohol that apply to the general public also apply to people with diabetes. Abstaining from alcohol should be counsel for people with a history of alcohol abuse, during pregnancy, and for people with other medical conditions such as pancreatitis, advanced neuropathy, and elevated triglycerides.The effects of alcohol on blood glucose levels is bloodsucking on the amount of alcohol ingested as well as the relationship to food intake. Because alcohol cannot be used as a get-go of glucose, hypoglycemia can result when alcohol is ingested without food. The hypoglycemia can persist from eight to twelve hours after the last drink of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested in modestness and with food, blood glucose levels are not affected by the ingestion of moderate amounts of alcohol. If the patient plans to consume alcoholic beverages they are to be included in the meal plan. The patient should be reminded that no food should be omitted because of the possibility of alcohol induced hypoglycemia (Franz, 2012 ).Coping with DiabetesThe patient needs to understand that the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus as with any chronic illness can be unexpected and potentially devastating. Grief is the most common reaction of an individual diagnosed with diabetes. Resolution of the grief is dependent on variables such as education, economics, geography, and religious and cultural factors. The support of family and friends affects the long-term acceptance of the disease progression. Patients need to be aware that depression is common with chronic diseases such as diabetes. The depression should be recognized and treated as soon as possible since depression can affect glycemic control and complicate the management of the diabetes (Buttaro, 2008).The patient needs to understand that diabetes is a lifelong disease process that requires a lifetime commitment and lifestyle changes. The patient should be meliorate about empowerment having the resources and knowing how and when to use them. The skills of emp owerment that help the patient reflect on life satisfaction in the following areas physical, mental, spiritual, family related, social, work related, financial, personal.The patient should be encouraged to establish goals which emphasize at least two of these areas in which he/she has control. In the session of coping with diabetes the patient should be support to develop better problem solving skills, which are necessary to manage a life-long disease such as diabetes. Coping with diabetes should also include stress management concepts. Stress management concepts should include a definition of stress, the bodys reaction to stress, the effects of stress on diabetes management, identifying stressors, identifying methods of coping, relaxation exercises and identifying support systems to exploit into.Management of the disease process should include eliminating or minimizing other cardiovascular risk factors for example blood pressure control, lipid control, and smoking cessation. Pati ents with diabetes should also be instructed on what to do when they become sick with a cold, flu, gastrointestinal virus, or other minor illness. They need to be aware that these minor illnesses can affect their diabetes and blood glucose levels (McGovern, 2002). Instruction on what to do when they become ill and the importance of continuing to take their diabetes medications and/or insulin and other general care should be discussed.some(a) basic guidelines for management during an illness or sick-day include maintain adequate hydration because of the risk of dehydration from decreased fluid intake, polyuria, vomiting, diarrhea, and evaporative losses from fever. Patient should be instructed to drink at least eight ounces of calorie free liquids every hour while they are awake. The beverages should be caffeine-free, since caffeine acts as a diuretic and can actually increase the chances of hypovolemia. If the patient is unable to tolerate fluids by mouth, antiemetic suppositories or intravenous fluids may be required. Vomiting that is persistent and unflinching may require emergency room care. The patient should be encouraged to perform blood glucose monitoring more frequently while he/she is ill and to initiate urine ketone monitoring with urine dipsticks, during the illness (Franz, 2012).The patient should be instructed to continue taking his/her insulin and/or oral antidiabetic agents while ill and even when unable to eat. The omission of insulin is a common cause of ketosis and can result in a serious condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient should be given a list of foods that contain fast acting carbohydrates that they can consume when they experience signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia.Patients should be encouraged to seek regular ophthalmologic examinations to detect for diabetic retinopathy. Regular dental examinations should also be encouraged to evaluate to potential areas that can become infected and possible oral lesions.Summary The t eaching program for the patients with diabetes is designed to be held for six sessions. However, the sessions can be lengthened or shortened to meet the needs of the intended audience. These two to three hour sessions suffer the patient to absorb the material that is being taught and to be able to ask questions. The learning needs are focused on managing their glucose levels and preventing complications of diabetes. The patient needs to be educated on the multiple disease processes associated with diabetes and the factors affecting each of these areas.The patient also needs to have the knowledge of how to manage their diabetes when they are ill and warn signs that they are hypo/hyperglycemic. Diabetic patients should be advised to contact their health care provider any time they are unsure what to do or have questions on how to manage their disease. There are many teaching handouts and pamphlets that are available free of charge from the various agencies. These handouts are availa ble on a wide variety of subjects that can be used with the teaching plan. The evaluation criteria for the teaching plan would include an evaluation tool in which the patients could unadulterated anonymously at the end of the program.ReferencesButtaro, T.M., Trybulski, J., Bailey, P.P., Sandberg-Cook, J. (2008).Primary Care A Collaborative Practice, 3rd. Edition. Philadelphia, PA Mosby, Inc.NO Davis, A. (2001). Adult Nurse Practitioner Certification Review. Philadelphia, PA Mosby, Inc.Ferri, F. (2012). clinical Advisor Instant Diagnosis and Treatment. Philadelphia, PA Mosby, Inc.NO Franz, M. (Ed.) (2001). Diabetes Management Therapies A Core Curriculum for Diabetes Education. 4th Edition. Chicago, IL American Association of Diabetes Educators.Franz, M. (2012). American Diabetes Association Guide to Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes, 2nd Edition. Alexandria, VA American Diabetes Association.Herfindal, E. and Gourley D. (2000). Textbook of Therapeutics Drug and Disease Management. Seven th Edition. Philadelphia, PA Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.NO McGovern, K., Devlin, M., Lange, E., and Mann, N. (Eds.) (2002). Disease Management for Nurse Practitioners. Springhouse, PA Springhouse Corporation.

Bloody civil war Essay

The final two chapters of the novel, Ike tries to discover and understand the history of his own family and the sort in which they had treated the portentouss. He scour attempts to make amendments to one of them, by sending some money. The brief register that he finds of his family helps him reconstruct some separate of the history. He remembers for example, the little hut in which all the scandalous people were herded together, and the way in which the sinlessnesss domainufactures bleaching substances for the blacks to use so as to change their colorthe square, galleried, woody building squatting like a portent above the fields whose laborers it still held in thrall 65 or no and placarded over with advertisements for chukker-brown and cures for chills and salves and potions manufactured and sold by white men to bleach the pigment and straighten the hair of Negroes that they might resemble the very rush a foresightful which for two vitamin C years had held them in bondage and from which for a nonher hundred years not even a bloody civil war would abide set them on the whole free.(Faulkner, 245)This forced change of hair color is very significant the author emphasizes the fact that the whites wanted to transform the black and make them as themselves, a race however quite imperfect since it is the one that invented slavery. Neither the land nor the people can be bought, since they have been left to live free by the precedent of the world. Mans possession of land or of slaves only imaginary, since these primary things cannot be bought Bought nothing.Because He told in the Book how He created the earth, made it and looked at it and verbalise it was all right, and thence He made man. He made the earth first and peopled it with dumb creatures, and then He created man to be His super on earthBecause it was never Ikkemotubbes fathers fathers to bequeath Ikkemotubbe to sell to Grandfather or whatever man because on the flash when Ikkemotubbe discovered , realised, that he could sell it for money, on that instant it ceased ever to have been his forever, father to father to father, and the man who bought it bought nothing. (247) In the familys brief chronicle, Ike discovers many of the iniquities that were common at the time, in what regarded the black people. His grandfather had had sons and daughters of the black slaves, and never acknowledged them. Also, the contracts done mingled with the blacks and the whites were invalid, since the black man had no way to claim his rights or to prove them, since he was usually even unable(p) to readand it would seem to the boy that he could actually see the black man, the slave whom his white owner had forever manumitted by the very act from which the black man could never be free so long as memory locomoteed, entering the commissary, asking permission perhaps of the white mans son to see the ledger-page which he could not even read, not even asking for the white mans word, which he would h ave had to accept for the reasonableness that t here(predicate) was absolutely no way under the sun for him to test it(256)Ike ironically observes the extent of the injustice done to the children that were not acknowledged because they were black, and the way in which they were usually simply minded(p) a sum of money to make amends So I reckon that was cheaper than saw My son to a spade he thought. Even if My son wasnt but just two words. (259) Thus, Faulkners novel is centered around the idea of the essential freedom given by nature to any creature.The bear is a symbol for this freedom, and his spirit is akin to that of the blacks and Indians an old bear, fierce and ruthless not just to stay hot but ruthless with the fierce pride of liberty and freedom, jealous and proud enough of liberty and freedom to see it threatened not with fear nor even alarm but almost with joy, seeming deliberately to put it into jeopardy in order to savor it and keep his old strong bones and strown (prenominal) supple and quick to defend and preserve it an old man, son of a Negro slave and an Indian king, inheritor on the one hand of the long chronicle of a people who had learned humility through suffering and learned pride through the endurance which survived the suffering, and on the other side the chronicle of a people even longer in the land than the first. (Faulkner, 267) The same ideas appear in the short story called That Evening Sun, but the author here emphasizes the barrier that existed between the blacks and the whites.The story, which has the same characters of the Compson family as The Sound and the Fury, is centered on a black servant called Nancy and on her agony at having been left by her husband and the terror that he might return and kill her. Nancy is terribly beaten by the police when she tries to claim her pay from a white man, and then locked up When you going to pay me, white man? When you going to pay me, white man? Its been three times now since you p aying(a) me a cent- Mr. Stovall knocked her down, but she kept on saying, When you going to pay me, white man?Its been three times now since until Mr. Stovall kicked her in the mouth with his heel and the mobilize caught Mr. Stovall back, and Nancy lying in the street, laughing. She turned her head and spat out some blood and teeth and said, Its been three times now since he paid me a cent. (Faulkner, 289) The story focuses on the impressive agony of the woman and her loneliness, as the whites refuse to comfort her in any way. The prejudices against the blacks are again obvious as in The Bear, the villagers remark that a black person would never commit suicide, unless under the power of a drug He said that it was cocaine and not whiskey, because no nigger would try to commit suicide unless he was full of cocaine, because a nigger full of cocaine was not a nigger any longer. (Faulkner, 291)The idea of the white people is that the black have no feelings and no inner life of their own , and that they live mostly like beasts, therefore could never have the impulse to suicide. The woman tries to cling to the childrens company in her distress and her fear of the husband that she thinks will come after her. The recurrent remark that she makes, saying that she is no more than a nigger is very significant. She underlies the fact that she is actually perceived as only a nigger, and that even she feels like that I aint nothing but a nigger, Nancy said. It aint none of my fault. (Faulkner, 296) She cannot escape her race, and, although she feels she has an inner life she does not have an identity to associate it with.The last fragment of the story is of utter importance Quentin, the storyteller remains listening to the sounds made by Nancy after they live her house, and hints at the barrier between the white and the black. The whites merely live her and her problems, as she is not considered to be important enough for further consideration But we could still hear her. Sh e began as soon as we were out of the house, sitting there above the fire, her long brown hands between her knees. We could still hear her when we had crossed the ditch, Jason high and close and little almost fathers head. Then we had crossed the ditch, walking out of Nancys life. Then her life was sitting there with the door open and the lamp lit, waiting, and the ditch between us and us going on, dividing the impinged lives of us and Nancy. (Faulkner, 300)Thus, Faulkner describes the lives of the black and white people in the Southern world with great insight, emphasizing the essential freedom of man as of nature, and the impossibility to possess or reduce them and limit their importance.Works CitedAbadie, Ann J. Faulkner in Cultural Context. Jackson University Press of Mississippi, 1997. Clark, Jim. On Faulkner. The Mississippi Quarterly. http//www. questia. com/app/direct/SM. qst Faulkner, William. peaceful Stories of William Faulkner. New York Random House, 1950. Three Famo us Short Novels. New York, Vintage Books, 1958. Singal, Daniel J. William Faulkner The Making of the Modernist. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1997. William Faulkner. http//www. kirjasto. sci. fi/faulkner. htm

Comparative Essay – Othello/Macbeth Tragic Heroes

Unit 1 Many critics have argued that Othello is non a true Shakespearian tragic hero. Explore the idea that Shakespe ar intended to make Othello fit the criteria of his tragic hero with comparison to Macbeth. By Marina Georg onlyides A tragic hero, determined by Aristotle, must show a nobility and virtue of a certain magnitude however, their path to happiness should be ceased by their destructive vice (Harmartia- the flaw that destruction leads to their d havefall).Peripeteia, the point where the qualitys fortune changes, must evoke a recite of pity and concern amongst the listening, and give in a higher place all, a didactic message. The outcome of this characteristic should result in a multi pointorial that sole instigation of some(prenominal) the heros Catharsis (a cleansing of emotion which is depict by Aristotle as an effect of tragic drama on its auditory modality) and Anagnoris when they reach their moment of sincereisation. It can be argued that Shakespeare fu lly abided by these endures in order to make a distinction between his characters prosperity and misfortune.Fintan OToole (post modernist critic) argues that Othello is not tragic, merely pathetic. However, Othello leave alone be identified as a far great tragic hero than Macbeth, illustrating how Shakespeare fully intended on creating a tragically heroic character such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Othello. As the play progresses, Othellos monumental Harmartia is gradually revealed his sense of inherent jealousy is enforced by Iago, the Machiavellian villain, and his gullibility makes him susceptible to it.Once he becomes convinced that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful, his jealousy does indeed bunk itself just as Iago ironically warns, the green eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on (Iago- execute 3 dead reckoning 1), leading to the heros monstrous behaviour. The apparent alliteration, death and damnation ( serve 3 Scene 3) and waked wrath (Act 3 Scene 3), reveals the great influence that Iago has upon Othello as his linguistic blandness and his mental state rapidly collapse, resulting in both his role of evil resourcefulness in language and in action, the death penalty of Desdemona.The hubris, argued by Helen Gardner (in 20th century) is heroic because Othello acts from inner necessity, appearing to show Othellos desire to make over the world into a get around place, an act that is heroic in its absoluteness. This admission of ethical trading perhaps may have encouraged a contemporary sense of hearing to pity Othello as his act, although frightful in itself, is nevertheless(prenominal) wonderful in its own manner of righteousness. Othello therefore appears to be more august since his wrong doing was out of retire and not of hatred, something for which Gardener seems to forgive Othello.A contemporary audience would argue that sexual practice also plays an valuable role in Othello as men were regarded as stronger and wiser, makin g it more venial of Othello. However, a 21st century audience would view women as equally as important as men, showing that Desdemonas murder was underserved and unforgivable of Othello. Dr Johnson (1765) declared that Othello was a very useful moral, as the protagonist shows how one can be stifled by naivet the repetition of honest Iago, the external forces of evil, melt to cause Othellos tragic manifestation and thus, his downfall.Macbeths Hamartia is his lust for power that level offtually and unsurprisingly leads into his downfall. Arthur Kirsch (1984) highlights Macbeths emptiness of his desires and the insatiability of his aspirations. Macbeth becomes infatuated with the witches prophecy as he soon discovers how real it is, allowing him to be somewhat fixated on the idea of murdering the King and soon after, Banquo. Macbeth does murder sleep- the use of third person indicates the exponential admixture of his mental state after killing an innocent King, as a result of his u nquenchable thirstiness for power essentially in itself more than one of the seven vices.Both Iago and Macbeth in this case, are the embodiment of the vices, both jealousy and greed, as opposed to Othello, who is only influenced by the vice itself. J. A Bryant (1961) argues that, Macbeth is a wholly disallow character who possesses the capacity for good but chooses to commit evil instead, illustrating that his ulterior motive wasnt for the good or righteous, as opposed to Othello, but for the selfish rise to power, evidently making him less of a tragic hero he merely chooses evil because it works to his own advantage sooner than making the world into a better place.Both a Shakespearean and a modern audience would reckon that Macbeth, like the Devil, has willed himself into a desperate position whereby he is captive of nothing except the providence he chose to ignore. In fact, a further aspect of his Hamartia is arguably his supposed lack of masculinity that he is constantly be ci rcumstantiald and ridiculed for by Lady Macbeth. The use of a rhetorical question in argon you a man? indicates her ability to manipulate him into believing that he is not strong overflowing to murder.This overly, plays an important but yet, not as dominant, role in Macbeths downfall. The second element combined to piddle a tragic hero is Peripeteia where the downfall from a virtuous status to a ruinous one is evident. Regardless of however many cartridge clips Othello is referred to as the Moor by Iago, a uncomplimentary term used to highlight his race, a Shakespearean audience will still be amazed by his aristocratic virtue as he possesses the verbal eloquence to assert to the signiors in the rule of three adjectives as potent, grave and reverend.In Act 3 Scene 3 however, Othello makes more references to the make a reflection of Iagos evil nature being imparted upon him, as goats and monkeys are images that connote the devil. His eloquence of poetry in Act 1 is in stark c ontrast to his quite barbaric and politically incorrect behaviour in Act 3, particularly to a 21st century audience as his act of striking her (Desdemona) across the face is an incredulous act that is totally unacceptable to feminists now but may have been deemed as common or even deserved to a contemporary audience of the 16th century.His affection dramatically changes towards Desdemona and it can be argued that Othello allows manipulation and jealousy to lead to his self-destruction- Tasha Kelley (2010) Othello scarce cannot help the jealousy that he looks within him, no matter how much of an influence Iago is upon him. At this point, Othello is simply convinced and absolute in the killing of his wife the use of hyperbolic language in Ill tear her all to pieces emphasises his sheer mercilessness since all of Desdemona will be killed.Unlike Othello, Macbeth changes rather early on in the play, and the only real evidence that the audience sees of his nobility is what others say to the highest degree him. In Act 1 Scene 2 Duncan expresses, O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman the use of positive adjectives to make out Macbeth would give both a Shakespearean and modern audience a good impression of Macbeth even before he is revealed in the play.On the other hand, current and contemporary audiences would also notice that the other characters in Macbeth are the ones who prove Macbeths honorary class, and not he for himself. After one consecutive scene, Macbeths Peripeteia is extremely abrupt that it can be portrayed as almost non-existent. If Chance will have me King, Why Chance may crown me, Without my stir- immediately one gains the impression of his red-faced underlying tone that is implied by the use of the word stir, revealing to a contemporary audience that his destructive intentions are intrinsic.According to Aristotle, there must be a clear distinction between the characters prosperity and misfortune Macbeth, as a tragic hero, does not condition himse lf to these rules religiously enough and it therefore, can be argued that his downfall is far too early on in the play for an audience to fully grasp his nobility. Whereas, Othellos greatness is explored thoroughly for two whole Acts, allowing an audience of any time period, to understand that his noble qualities are innate.A contemporary audience, for example, would understand the reason for Othellos downfall much better than they would with that of Macbeths as the play enables him to develop as a character and thus, show his true intentions, which are in this case, to love and protect Desdemona. Alas, an alternative interpretation of Macbeth of a Shakespearean audience would be that he is an incessantly complacent man who, by all means, allows arrogance to corrupt his mind even in the first scene of the play.The most famous of quotes where Macbeth visualises a dagger, represents his wavering resolve and lust for power that late descends into his madness. Is this a dagger, which I see before meAct 1 Scene 7, the use of a rhetorical question illustrates Macbeths hallucination of seeing an object that is clearly not there, which in comparison is a major downfall for someone who was deemed to be valiant at the start of the play.Susan Snyder (1994) states that the play provides no answers to the questions it raises about the relative culpability of the witches equivocal predictions and Macbeths potential to commit murder. Evidently, there is no real justification or distinction in Macbeths downfall other than his sick ambitious read for power. The third criterion that qualifies a tragic hero is Anagnorisis, where the protagonist acknowledges his/her own flaw that has led them to their downfall.After all the accusations and trauma that Desdemona has been through, her last and most angelic words being, Commend me to my kind lord- O, fare swell This suggests that she is a venerate for forgiving all that Othello has done to her and shows just how much she loved O thello a contemporary audience would in the long run feel pity for her as she is not the one to blame. However, a different view of Desdemona and what she represents has emerged over upstart years amongst modern audiences feminist and new historic critics haveexamined her character in relation to the fraternity she moves in.Marilyn French (1982), explores the masculine and misogynistic value system within Othello, and despite Desdemonas assertiveness in choosing her own husband, French emphasises that Desdemona must be obedient to males and is self-denying in the extreme thus when she dies she is a pigeonhole of female passivity. Once killing Desdemona, Othello begins to express his sincere remorse for his wrongdoing through the repetition of alliteration.The use of alliteration in Cursed, cursed and cold, cold, Act 5 Scene 2, reveals how ashamed he is with himself for committing such a crime as he is emphasising it through the repetition of consonance sound c, and above all, go es closer to prove his tragic hero status. Through his two speeches, Othello is able to elaborate on the fact that he is wrapped with guilt the rhyming couplet of I kissed thee ere I killed thee no way by this, Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. epitomises his Anagnoris as he realises his sheer love for Desdemona with what remains within him, a flare of eloquence.In stark contrast, there is no real evidence of Macbeths Anagnoris, and in fact, he behaves rather arrogantly about the witches predictions because he believes that no real harm will happen to him. In Act 5 Scene 3, Macbeth expresses a very short speech in which no lamenting or mourning is apparent I have briskd long enough my way of life Is falln into the sear is but a mere acknowledgement of his circumstances rather than realisation of his tragic flaw. A Shakespearean audience would notice that perhaps Macbeth has not fully repented for his mistake and is therefore, in terms of Aristotle, not a true, classified tragic hero.Macbeth is determined to continue fighting for his life whereas traditionally a tragic hero, such as Othello, should ultimately understand their downfall in exchange for their life. In Act 5 Scene 5, Macbeth does in fact have the verbal eloquence to express himself even in a state of supposed despair. The use of personification in Lifes but a pass shadow reinforces the state of his ignorance to register his own wrong doing and therefore, both a modern and contemporary audience can advocate that they do not feel the same sympathy as they do for Othello.Finally, the last criterion of a tragic hero is Catharsis the point at which the tragic hero cleanses his pump and the audiences too. Othello, despite all that he has been through, returns to the articulate and passionate man, and for that, an audience can feel as though the previous trauma of Desdemonas death combined with his own wicked imagery is obliterated and washed from them. And very sea-mark of my utmost sail is an exam ple of how Othello is able to speak in iambic pentameter even in such a horrific mental state, reinforcing an audiences light of how sincerely noble and titled he is.Most honourably, he is not afraid of killing himself in the name of love he simply kisses Desdemona, and dies, making him appear as more of a tragic hero than Macbeth, who fights to live on. He leaves the audience feeling bereaved and pitiful because, despite his jealousy, he loved Desdemona too well, a crime that was surely too harshly punished. Although, Macbeths death is rather less tragic and more heroic in the sense that he refused to kill himself by falling on my brand an audience would regard him as more honourable towards himself.Before Malcolm kills him, he partly recognises his wrong doing in the little speech that he gives Of all men else I have avoided thee But get thee back, my soul is too much chargd With blood of thine already. Irrespective of the fact that Macbeth didnt kill himself as he should have done, the imagery of blood reveals the extent of which Macbeth fights like a true soldier till the end. Unfortunately, as a modern audience, we cannot feel the same sympathy as we do for Othello as he uncomplete recognises his flaw nor kills himself because of it an adjuratory required for a true tragic hero.Macbeth is a rapid play that does not allow the main protagonist to develop as a character and for that reasoning Macbeth lacks many of the imperative qualities needed within a tragic hero such as Peripeteia and Anagnorisis. Without a hit doubt, Othello is one of Shakespeares greatest tragic heroes as fought for by Helen Gardner and Dr Johnson, regardless of Fintan OTooles perception of Othello being merely pathetic. We can advocate otherwise that in fact Othello fulfils all quad criterias of Aristotles definition of a tragic hero.

Positive Risk Taking Essay

apologise worrys in which venture is an integral part of casual life,luck for most volume is an accepted part of everyday life e.g. catching a flock or walking to the shop etc get out carry few element of danger. Risk is associated with our health, safety, security, well being, employment, education, insouciant activities, use resources and equipment and community participation. Some adults such as those who argon disabled or who atomic number 18 former(a) atomic number 18 usually discouraged from pickings s engages with their budgeting, jut outning, employment and their daily living skills usually because populate venerate for their limitations or that they might hurt themselves or separates. Everyone has the effective to put in gamble of infections and make purposes just about their accept lives, a residue should be found among profit substance abusers participation in everyday activities and the c atomic number 18rs concern of c be. companionable c ar and health policies are encouraging residents to increase their freedom by being refer in the wider society such as leisure and work. It should be noned that it is impossible to eliminate take a chance completely, nevertheless minimising and being prepared for guess by precautionary action. Supporting heap to live item-by-itemly by winning part of their lives center accepting that there are venture of exposures that undersidet be avoided but stub be prepared for.Explain wherefore item-by-items whitethorn nonplus been discouraged or prevented from taking stakes, assure to a greater extentexplain slipway in which fortune is an integral part of everyday lifeFor some profits, preliminaryes to risk devour been a business because they have been concerned with avoiding effectivenessly harmful situations for the service user and staff. tribe involve to take risk to achieve things on their let merit, but there are people who should swear them but go away discourage them from taking risks because of perceived perceptions of the mortals limitations. Risk taking eject have function for the private as it provide enable them to do things most people take for granted. Risk is beneficial, balancing levels or auspices and preserving levels of choice and aver. A remainder will need to be achieved between the wishes of the unmarried and the integrity duty of care.Described the links between risk taking and responsibilities, empowerment and social inclusion,Personalised care is a remunerate for everyone, however some people will need more sustenance than others in component part to make choices of their experience lives. Effective somebodyalisation of care comes the need to manage risk for people to make decisions as safely as adult malely possible. Making risks clear and understood is pivotal to empowering residents and the carers, risk management does non eliminate risks. managing risk to maximise peoples choice and control of their own lives. If the outcomes are part of the sustentation plan and all risks have been dissertateed and understood, this will lead to genuinely choice and control and will offer a better quality of life for the respective(prenominal). Positive risk taking will help the resident to gain self confidence, develop new skills k directlyledge and hope justy allow them take an active part within their community so that they dont feel let ind.Explain the exploit of developing a collateral psyche concentrate on plan of attack to risk mind,The person concentrate on snuggle will focus on the individuals sets to choose their own lifestyle, even if that includes devising bad decisions. A person centered approach is about helping people and those involved, think in a compulsory way to achieve the turns they want whilst keeping risk at bay. Risk management is about determination the balance been positive risk taking found on autonomy and independence and a policy of prote ction for the person and the community based on reducing harm. Its been stated that for a positive person centered approach to a risk appraisal should consist of the quest, involvement of the service user and relatives in the risk sound judgment, positive and informed risk taking, proportionality, contextualising behavior, defensible decision do, a learning nicety and tolerable risks.Explain how to apply the principles and method of a person centered approach to each of the contrastive stages of the process of risk assessment,Working in a personalised way and developing a positive person centered approach means to know that risks dope non be avoided but however endure be prepared for. credible risk is about balancing empowering people who need help to make their own decisions, once they have all the learning, that is tailored to their postulate so that they make their best decisions.Involvement of service users and relatives in risk assessment, to involve the resident, ne arest and dearest is one of the most important parts of the person centered approach. The people involved with the resident will help gather education in framing of what the risk really is, in thinking, generating ideas and solutions, by evaluating the solutions, in decisions devising around the risk, in implementing the actions and by the learning that takes place during these actions. faculty mustiness make note of the residents and others wants, their views on their owns risk and what responsibilities each person has in managing their own risk effectively. The person Centered Approach will equalise this by asking for a clear stick out of what the person is wanting to achieve, why it is important, what the outcome would look like, a chronicle of the risk, the decision making agreement tools to look at staff roles and responsibilities and who will be responsible for the different decisions relating to the risk.Positive and informed risk raking, This particular process is fo rmed around the positive view of the person. This process is based on finding creative solutions rather than just saying no. Informed and positive risk taking is about quality of life being lived to the full whilst people in the community are kept safe, by meeting what is important to them, how they would keep themselves and others safe. Remember that positive and informed risk taking needs to interrelate on what the lawfulness says and allows i.e. lawmaking within The Human Rights Act. proportionality, The management of risk must match the potential harm that could be caused. Using a person centered approach means flexibility. The more expert the task the more time you would consider it in greater detail. Centered approach looks at the consequences of not doing the task that could have potential risks for the resident, family member etc and being able to balance against the consequences that could happen of taking the risk.Contextualising Behavior, asks why did the person behav ed in a certain way? at this time? in this situation? subdivision of this process involves getting information regarding previous information about the person, including the history of the resident of the risk they are wanting to undertake from their own perspective, historical data from a variety of sources to look at what has worked in particular situations, and communication charts will help with a persons words and behaviors, sampleing their meaning and what the best repartee should be. This will help to get a understanding of the persons behavior in different context, but alike to build a picture of what has been learned about how to best support the resident.Defensible Decision making, hobby the person centered approach generates a clear trail of written and embarked records of what has been discussed, the different perspectives, the problems and solutions that have been considered, alongside each legal issues, such as the Human fulls act or that of the psychic healt h act that could effect the risk decision. All paperwork generated during the process provides a clear rationale for the decisions that will turn back up during the processes that have been taken, and why other options have been declined. The rationale for decision making is also more clear expounded and recorded than in traditional risk assessment forms in common usage.A learning Culture, The positive and productive approach to risk has a deep emphasis within its on going learning, using learning and reflective tools such as questions such as whats running(a)? whats not working etc by defining staff their core duties and their own judgement and creativity in relation to the risk.Tolerable Risks is a key aspect for the Person Centred Approach in using this process it enables participants to have a more balanced and rational approach to risk, finding ways to enable the person to achieve what is important to them plot considering what keeps that person and the community safe in a way the individual understands.Explain how a service focused approach to risk assessment would differ from a person centred approachA risk assessment only identifies the probability of harm, assess the impact on the individual, and interpellations that will help to diminish the risk or to reduce the harm. Assessments groundworknot prevent risk. Risk is a normal and enables learning and understanding.Risk assessments are full of charts and scoring systems. A service focused approach seeks to avoid all risks. Risk assessments have no flexibility and is not a responsive approach to meet peoples changing circumstances. A service centred approach to risk assessment would be guided by a standard procedure and can compromise individuals rights to make choices and take risks. A person centred approach to risk taking will find the balance between what is important to the person, their aspirations and the supports that they require.Identify the consequences for individuals of a service foc used approach to risk-assessment.Risk taking will usually often have positive benefits for individuals, enabling them to do things that most will take for granted. The problem with a service focused approach to risk assessment, is that it reduces the individuals independence which in turn could reduce the positive benefits for the individual in question. A service focused approach to risk taking usually tends to have a shun focus on what the individual is not able to do or what they cannot achieve and has a limited outlook on identifying the benefits of positive, person-centred risk assessment. It does not empower the individual or encourage independence.Explain how legislation, national and local policies and guidance provide a modeling for decision making which can support an individual to have control over their own lives,There are many different legislations and policies in place to promote piece rights, in relation to support the individuals right to make up his or her own m ind and to take risk.The equality Act 2010, is a law that bans any unfair treatment and help to get equal opportunities in the workplace and society. This Act covers club protected characteristics, which cannot be used as a reason to treat people unfairly they are, successionDisabilitygender reassignmentmarriage and civil partnershippregnancy and maternityracereligion or beliefsexsexual orientationThe Human rights Act 1998, This Act states that are able to seek help from courts if their Human rights have been infringed. The Human Right Act guarantees the following rightsThe Right to lifeThe right to liberty from torture and inhuman or degrading punishmentThe right to freedom from slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labourThe right to liberty and security of personThe right to a fair and earthly concern trial within a reasonable timeThe right to freedom from retrospective criminal law and no punishment without lawThe right to respect for private and family life, piazza an d correspondenceThe right to freedom of thought, conscience and religionThe right to freedom of expressionThe right to freedom of assembly and associationThe right to marry and found a familyThe prohibition of discrimination in the enjoyment of convention rights The right to undisturbed enjoyment of possessions and protection of property The right to access to an educationThe right to free electionsThe right not to be subjected to the death penaltyMental might Act 2005, is to promote and safeguard decision making within a legal framework. It does this in two ways By empowering people to make decisions for themselves wheresoever possible and by protecting people who lack capacity by providing a flexible framework that allows them to be part of the decision making process By allowing people to plan ahead for a time in the future when they might lack the capacity for any number of reasonsMental wellness Act 2007 amends the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. It introduces significant changes which include Introduction of Supervised Community Treatment. This replaced supervised discharge with a power to return the patient to hospital, where the person whitethorn be forcibly medicated, if the medication regime is not being complied with in the community. Redefining professional roles extend the range of mental health professionals who can be responsible for the treatment of patients without their consent. Nearest relative making it possible for some patients to appoint a civil partner as nearest relative. Definition of mental disorder introduce a new definition of mental disorder without the Act. Criteria for Involuntary freight introduce a requirement that someone cannot be detained for treatment unless appropriate treatment is purchasable. Introduction of separate mental health advocates for qualifying patients.Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 This act is intended to prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable people and to reform current vetting and barring practices. The act sets out a legal framework for the Independent Safeguarding Authority.Valuing People (Department of Health, 2001) This states the importance of Person Centred Planning can play in helping people with learning difficulties take charge of their own lives. The Guidance (Department of Health, 2002) stressed that Person Centred Planning is not a professional activity done to people instead people themselves and their friends, families or other allies, must lead it.Putting People First, stated that person centred planning must become mainstream. Putting People First agnises that person-centred planning and self-directed support are central to delivering personalisation and maximising choice and control. It recognises that to achieve real change, users and carers must participate at every stage.These areas areuniversal services transport, leisure, health, education, housing and access to information and advice choice and contr ol shaping services to meet peoples needs, rather than shaping people to fit in with the services on offer social capital care and support that individuals and their carers can get from their local community (friends, family, neighbours or community groups) and early intervention and prevention support that is available for people who need help to stay independent for as long as possible, to keep their home or garden tidy, or to start taking regular exercise.Describe how a human rights based approach supports an individual to make decisions and take risksA human rights based approach to risk management means to make sure individuals know their rights and that they are being supported to participate in making their own choices and decisions. A human rights based approach to risk assessment will balance the human rights of service users, carers, and other members of their communities. This is done so risks can be managed more positively and effectively. A human rights based approac h looks at risk with Human Rights in mind, it identifies the relevant equality and diversity issues, and maximises service user participation and empowerment. A human rights based approach to risk, means ensuring service users are as involved as they can possibly be in their own risk assessment process.support an individual to recognise potential risk in different areas of their life, and support the individual to balance choices with their own and others health, safety and WellbeingPositive risk taking is the process which will identify the potential benefit or harm. Positive Risk taking is to encourage and support people in positive risk taking so that they can achieve personal change or growth. Risks can be in many different areas of their life including, risks relating to their own health, their social life and also their finances and it is important to support the individual to recognise all of these potential risks. The risk assessment looks at four areas of risk risks to self , risks to others and risks from other and risks to property. It is important that whilst improving on their quality of life they need to maintain their safety, responsibilities to themselves and others.Supporting an individual to recognise potential risks whilst balancing the choices with their own and others health, safety and well-being involvesEmpowering people to access opportunities and take worthwhile chances. understanding the persons perspective of what they will gain from taking risks and understanding what they will lose if they are not allowed to take the risk. Ensuring the individual understanding the consequences of different actions to understand what the reasonably expected consequences whitethorn be of making that choice. Helping the individual to make decisions based on all the choices available and accurate information. being positive about risk taking.Understanding a persons strengths and finding creative ways for people to be able to do things rather than ruli ng them out. Knowing what has worked or not in the past and where problems have arisen, understanding why livelihood people who use services to learn from their experiences. ensuring support and advocacy is availablesometimes supporting short term risks for long-term gains. ensuring that services provided promote independence not dependence assuming that people can make their own decisions (in line with the Mental Capacity Act) and supporting people to do soworking in partnership with adults who use services, family carers and advocates and recognise their different perspectives and views developing an understanding of the responsibilities of each party promoting trusting working relationships.Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice when supporting an individual to take risksEncouraging risk taking can put people in a difficult position as trying to balance someones own personalisation through risk taking with your own values and beliefs and the duty to keep people safe. Peoples past experiences may make them feel that the risks involved, will result in problems, however they should not let this interfere with the individuals wishes. At some point everyone will have had a bad experience following a course of action this does not necessarily mean this will happen to other people. Your beliefs and experiences should not cloud the issue. It is key that you feel confident and equipped to support people to assess and valuate their own risks. Advice is readily available when facing difficult cases in the form of risk enablement panels.Record all discussions and decisions do relating to supporting the individual to take risks,It is very important to ensure that all discussions and decisions made relating to supporting the individual to take risks are recorded within their support plan. Records will need to be eligible and perceivable to all the members that work with the individual. The aim of record keeping is to ensur e that the right people have the right information at the right time to provide the best care for the person in question. arrangement information will provide a record of what has been discussed and decided in regards of risk taking. The records should also record any incidents which have taken place.The reason for keeping the records areTo manoeuver that you have offered the individual choicesTo show that you have concur the desired outcomesTo show that the individual has given their consent.complete a risk assessment with an individual following agreed ways of working,Risk assessment is the activity of collecting information through observation, communication and investigation. It is an ongoing process that involves considerable persistence and skill to assemble and manage relevant information in ways that become meaningful for the users of services (and significant other people) as well as the practitioners involved in delivering services and support. An effective risk assessm ent will need the person in question, their families, carers, advocates and practitioners to speak with one another to decide on decision and course of action.communicate the content of the risk assessment to othersIt is important to communicate and work in a consistent way with all those whom are supporting the individual. Gathering information and sharing is important. It is not just an essential part of risk assessment and management, but also key in identifying risks. Its important to communicate the relevant information of the risk assessment to all relevant staff. It will also be important to discuss and explain the risk assessment with the individuals carer and family, so that they are kept in the loop. The individuals goals and targets should be discussed too, so that they can aid understanding regarding the risk assessment and to ensure all those involved are aware(p) of the desired outcomes.support the individual to take the risk for which the assessment has beencompleted One way of supporting the individual to take the risk, could involve having a trial run. An example could be where the individual wants to make an independent trip in to town using public transport. On the first trip you could accompany the individual on each step of the journey. On the second trip, you could accompany them to the town and then arrange to meet with them later in the day. On the third trip, you may just accompany them to the bus stop.Gradually you can reduce the amount of support you provide. It is also important that the individual knows what to do if things do go wrong. You can support them to take risks by ensuring they have clear information and advice about what to do if they have any concerns.Review and revise the risk assessment with the individualAfter each risk assessment has been agreed it will be important that to monitor and review in case any revisions are necessary. Risks may change as circumstances change, so they should be reviewed regularly. Risk ass essments should be reviewed periodically and whenever circumstances change to ensure they remain current. i.e. Resident Baths on the own accord, but due to a fall now need assistance getting in and out of the bath.evaluate with the individual how taking the identified risk has contributed to their well-being.Well-being describes the way we think and feel about ourselves and others, our confidence, and our ability to control things in our life.When evaluating you will need to speak, with the individual, how taking the identified risks has helped their well-being and their quality of life. This will involve looking at the positive /negative consequences and outcomes of their choices they have made. Looking at whether taking the risks have met the individuals needs and achieved their desired outcome. pickings an identified risk will hopefully make the individual feel empowered and to have a greater feel of independence, control and normality.In supporting the individual to take positiv e risks, it should help them to evaluate other courses of action and can build confidence. The experience of failure, as a result of risk taking in a safe environment, can help to manage the identified risk better in the future.explain how the principle of duty of care can be maintained while supporting individuals to take risks,Everyone has a duty of care and a responsibility not to agree to a support plan if there are any serious concerns that it will not meet the individuals needs or if it places an individual in a dangerous situation. Whilst an individual can choose to live with a level of risk and is allowed to do so through law, the local authority does not have to blood line it. When you support individuals so that they can have more choice and control within their lives through positive risk taking, things may go wrong from time to time. A defensible decision is one where those involved in the risk assessing process Used reliable assessment methodsActed responsibly in relat ion to their duty of careWere not negligentAssessed and took steps to manage and minimise foreseeable risks Recorded decisions and subsequently canvas they were carried out Followed policies, procedures and guidanceInvolved the person and other relevant people in the process back up people to make informed decisionsIdentification of positive and negative risksInvolvement of people who use services and those who are important to them this includes people who form the individuals informal circle of support, who are involved from the beginning to gather information, define what the risks are from the individuals point of view and to discuss ways to enable and manage these risks. Positive and informed risk-taking this is built on a strengths-based approach to the person and looks at creative ways for people to be able to do things rather than ruling them out. Proportionality this means that the time and effort spent on managing a risk should match the severity of that risk. The app roach should also explore the consequence of not taking the risk in question, such as neediness of autonomy or restriction of choice.Contextualising behaviour this means knowing about the persons history and social environment, their previous experience of risk, what has and has not worked in previous situations. Defensible decision making this means recording a clear rationale for all the decisions made and the discussions that led to the decisions, including reference to relevant legislation such as the Mental Capacity Act or the Human Rights Act. A learning culture this require a commitment to ongoing learning and the use of reflective practice for people working at the frontline. Tolerable risks this involves negotiating and balancing issues of risk and safety to identify what is acceptable for everyone concerned (the individual and others including the community) on a case by case basis.Describe what action to take if an individual decides to take an unplanned risk that p laces him/herself or others in immediate or imminent danger,When looking after someone if you see that he or she is about to take an unplanned risk which could potentially place them or others in immediate or imminent danger it is very important to take appropriate corrective and preventative action and stop the activity immediately. Risk assessments should include contingency plans that address risks from unplanned events. Physical intervention may only be the course of action. Staff should be trained with a range of skills to grapple with any potentially violent situations, as well as a range of restraint techniques that will help them use the minimum level of force possible. Physical intervention is only used in response to challenging behaviour.